The long-term unemployed (LTU) are one of the most disadvantaged groups in terms of opportunities and fulfilment, especially in current post-pandemic times. In fact, during periods of crisis, as evidenced by the 2008 recession, the long-term unemployment rate increases significantly. LTU face challenges in accessing the labour market due to skill depreciation, low levels of education and low participation in re-employment programmes. 

Tackling long-term unemployment is a crucial challenge in many European countries and it is addressed by the NextGenerationEU programme. We investigate what targeted measures are carried out in Milan and Amsterdam, with particular attention to training devoted to acquire new skills, activation, personalized job matching, and income support, and how these tools are used to create better employment opportunities for LTU people. We also explore the different types of involvement and role played by various actors in these policies, including local policy makers, skill providers and social partners, in order to effectively address this complex issue.